Aims By the end of this worksheet, you will be able to: • Create and run a FORTRAN 95 program • Understand basic program structure • Start to deal with programming errors • Start to understand real, integer and character variable types. • Save a copy of your output in Word. Install FTN95 Personal Edition • Search for Silverfrost FTN5 personal edition or click this link.

• Download and install the software accepting all the defaults. Your first programming session • Locate and double click the Plato icon • Click File, New • Select Free Format Fortran File • Click File, Save As • Create a directory called fortranprograms and open it • Type first.f95.

Collaborative Computational Project Number 14 (CCP14) For Single Crystal and Powder Diffraction (Freely Available Crystallographic Software for.

Plato is a 'programming environment'. Within Plato, you can create and edit programs and get them to run. Plato's editor is special – it understands the syntax of various programming languages. We tell Plato which language we are using when we create our empty file and save it with a.f95 (FORTRAN 95) extension. Provided you have given your file the appropriate extension, Plato's editor will be able to check the syntax of the program, highlighting the various keywords that it knows about using a colour code to distinguish between the various elements of the language.

Running your first FORTRAN 95 Program Exercise 1.1 • Type in the following exactly as shown:!My first program program first print *,'This is my first program' end program first • Click the black ►, (the Execute button). • Plato will get FTN95 to check your program for errors. If it finds any problems, it will give you the details. If you have typed in the program exactly as shown above, an executable file will be generated (first.exe). Plato will then automatically get the program to start executing.

• A banner will appear for a couple of seconds and will then disappear (that's the price we have to pay for using the free software) • A black console window will appear. • Press Return to close the window. Do not click the X at the top right of the window. Plato can get upset if you do not press Return to close the window, try this • Save your program first! • Run the program again (click ►) • This time click the X at the top right of the window to close it. • Make up your own mind about which is the better way to close this window in future! Program Structure Examine the following short program: program sum!a: name of program!an example of program structure!b: a comment real:: answer,x,y!c: declarations print *, 'Enter two numbers'!d: output read *, x!e: input read *, y!e: input answer=x+y!f: arithmetic print *, 'The total is ', answer!g: output end program sum!h: end of program There are a number of general points here: • The program is made up of a number of lines.

Each line is called a statement. • Each statement is made up of • variable names e.g.

Answer, x, y • operators e.g. +,= etc • keywords e.g. Read, print • The statements are executed sequentially. Let's break the program down, line by line: • The name of the program. Keep it reasonably short and meaningful. • A comment explaining the purpose of the program.

Comments are indicated by an exclamation mark. All text to the right of an exclamation mark is ignored by the compiler. Programmers use comments to help them remember how a program works. Use of appropriate comments in programs aids understanding and is good practice. • Variables - answer, x and y are used to store floating point numbers – we indicate this by declaring them as real. • print *, outputs to the screen – the asterisk means use the default number of decimal places when the number is written to the screen.

• We read information from the keyboard and store the values in x and y. • Do some arithmetic and store the answer in answer. • Output the result to the screen • Conclude the program More on Input and Output Exercise 1.2 • Open a new file and call it io.f95. • Type in the following program: program io real:: x,y,z print *, 'enter the values x,y and z' read *, x,y,z print *, 'the values you typed are for z,y,x are: ',z,y,x end program io • Execute it by pressing ► • You can enter the numbers one at a time and press the Enter key each time. • Execute the program again • This time type all three numbers on one line separated by commas. Look at the print statement print *, 'the values you typed are for z,y,x are: ',z,y,x In this statement, we are outputting four separate things, a literal string of characters, 'the values you typed are for z,y,x are: ' and the variables z, y, and x. We may output several items at one time, provided they are separated by commas.

Exercise 1.3 The following program has a number of errors. The purpose of this exercise is to show you the various kinds of errors you may encounter when programming. You will come across errors many times as a programmer, and it is helpful to have a strategy for how to deal with them. • Create a new file called bug.f95 and then type in the following program exactly as shown. • You can also download this file from program bug this program is full of errors real:: a,b,c a = b + c read *,c print *,a end program simple The compiler will report two error messages when it attempts to compile.

Click on the details button. Each error generates a message. Double clicking on the message will take you to the line in the program where the fault occurs • Correct the two errors. • Click Execute ► • There is now one further error, Plato will provide a yellow warning alert. Watch the screen carefully!

The window will close and then the program will start to execute. Something is not correct, however. The program will 'hang'.

It is actually waiting for you to input a value, because of the line read *,c. To the user of the program, this is not at all obvious – they may have thought that the program has crashed! • Type in a number then press enter • The program returns an strange value. This is an ' execution time' error.

• We need to find out what the warning message was. Click the 'compile' button (to the left of the ►).

Then click the 'details' button. Plato will tell you that the variable b has not been given a value.

• Correct the program to give b a value, and then execute the program again. • There is still a problem.

This time, it is a problem with the program's logic. The program statements are executed sequentially. A = b + c read *, c print *, a The statement a = b + c doesn't make sense, as at this stage of the program, we haven't yet given a value to c. Important points to note • There are two types of errors associated with this program: compiler errors and run-time errors. • The program is also user-unfriendly. The program waits for input without telling the user what is needed. Fix the run time error by: • read in a value for b • correct the order of the statements • make the program more user-friendly, then compare your program with the one called bugfixed.f95 in the.

More Data types – integer and character So far, we have only used real (floating point numbers) in our programs. We can also specify that numbers are integer and character. Program convert, below, demonstrates their use. Within a given range, integer s are always represented exactly whereas the precision of real numbers is limited by the architecture of the machine. The real variable type gives us 6 figure decimal precision. Autocom Delphi Keygen 2013 335.

(If this doesn't seem enough – don't worry we'll come back later on when we examine how to increase the number of digits of precision in Worksheet 5). Character variables hold strings of characters like 'A happy day was had by all' 'Yes' 'N' '3 + 4 equals 7' When the character variable is declared, we show the maximum length that the string can occupy by following the name by a * then its maximum length. The example below has a maximum length of 10 characters allowed for a person's name – this might not always be enough! You have to make a judgement here.

Program convert!This example shows the use of integer and character variables implicit none integer:: pounds,pence,total character:: name*10 print *,'What is your name?' Read *,name print *, 'Hi ',name,'! Enter number of pounds and pence' read *, pounds,pence total =100 * pounds + pence print *,'the total money in pence is ',total end program convert. NOTE: Notice the inclusion of the line: implicit none By including it in your program, FORTRAN will check that you have properly declared all your variable types. In the bad old days of programming, declaration of variables was thought to be unnecessary and the old FORTRAN compilers used an implicit convention that integers have names starting with the letters in the range i – n, all the others being real.

FORTRAN still allows you to do this if we don't include the line, implicit none. Time has shown that one of the commonest reasons for error in a program is the incorrect use of variables. Always use implicit none at the start of every program. Exercise 1.4 With the program convert in section 1.5 as a guide, write a program to test out everything you've learned so far. You might include different types of variables, for example real, integer, and character. Include input and output using read and print. An example might be a program that asks people questions, including things like their age and name and so on.

It could, for example, print out their year of birth with a suitable message. It's up to you, just use your imagination.

Saving the contents of Output Window Run your last program again. When the black output window opens right click on the Plato icon in the top left corner • Click on edit • Click Select all • Click copy • Open a new document in Word or Notepad and click paste.

As part of my Final Year Project, I need to convert some FORTRAN code into C or C++ (it doesn't matter which language as long as I can understand it, and I can understand C style languages). I have discovered f2c, a program that allegedly converts FORTRAN to C, and tried to install it, following instructions, by saving a makefile.vc file on my drive and then doing copy makefile.vc makefile nmake (here is the part of the README file about installing f2c that is included in the f2c ) To compile f2c on Linux or Unix systems, copy makefile.u to makefile, edit makefile if necessary (see the comments in it and below) and type 'make' (or maybe 'nmake', depending on your system). To compile f2c.exe on MS Windows systems with Microsoft Visual C++, copy makefile.vc makefile nmake With other PC compilers, you may need to compile xsum.c with -DMSDOS (i.e., with MSDOS #defined). If your compiler does not understand ANSI/ISO C syntax (i.e., if you have a K&R C compiler), compile with -DKR_headers. On non-Unix systems where files have separate binary and text modes, you may need to 'make xsumr.out' rather than 'make xsum.out'. I am running x64 bit version of Windows Vista and tried 'nmake', but I get 'nmake' is not recognised as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.

I downloaded Nmake15.exe after some searching but it doesn't work on x64 bit machines and apparently there is not version of it that does. So I downloaded the Windows SDK, after being told that would work, but it didn't change anything. Where have I gone wrong in all this, if I have, and is there any way of converting that FORTRAN code into C or C++? The method I've been using for conversion so far is semi-automated: lots of editor and text scripts. First, collimate all the Fortran source into a single file (placing markers as appropriate to allow the files to be re-separated).

Next, convert the numeric labels to named labels (e.g. Adding an L before them for gotos and F for formats). Make the appropriate changes in the places that reference the labels. Next, mark off the label - continue combinations and the statement continuations (e.g. With a mark at the start of each line where they occur).

Then re-join the label-continue and statement-continuation lines. In an editor like vi, that would mean doing a series of (say) 1000J's, and then a massive substitute:%s/#/^V^M/g if the start of line marker is a #. Reverse Engineering Tools For Pl Sql Substr. Since the continuation lines were specially marked as were the do-continue combos, then they get rejoined.

Ensure the if-labels and do-labels are separated (e.g. Write a grep pattern to extract the relevant lines and then write a simple bracket-matching program to check them out). Once separated, you can then turn the do-continues into brackets.

Turn the if-then-else, and dowhile/enddo, subroutine/endsub, etc. Into brackets. Make subroutine void, pony up fake names for the basic types (e.g. Boolean, Character, Integer, Real, Double, Complex, Complex). Comments are converted over to C++ // comments; both the column 0 and!

Then you can re-prototype the functions. This is effectively a KR to ANSI-C conversion and requires a simple program to read the function headers and variable declarations to match them off. Ideally you may want to first put the variable declarations as one to a line. This also requires an edit script and a utility.

For instance a 'Double A, B, C.' Would be converted to '#Double nA nB n.' And then a utility is set up to prefix all the non-# lines with the most recent preceding # line. Parameter statements get rejoined to the type declarations and converted to 'const' statements. Saves get converted to static declarations. Commons I haven't yet figured out a good way to work with.

Now the HARD parts come next: the array dimensioning, variable in/out analysis (to determine which variables need to be passed by value or by reference). You should get a C compiler that recognizes the reference type & or use C++. For array-redimensioning you may also need to go over to C++ which allows [] to be redefined. The in-out analysis is something I haven't yet worked through, likewise the redimensioning. But at this point, the relevant source is mostly in C or C++ at this stage. Be warned: Fortran 2010allows parallel processing, which goes beyond C and even C++ (except for their multithreaded abilities). If you programs have these in them, things will become a lot harder.

You aren't real clear on this, but it sounds like you want to study the code, and in order to do that you want to convert it to C or C++. If you want to use the code rather than study it, then I'm off-base here, and you should look for Fortran compilers. You can't find any way of translating idiomatic Fortran to idiomatic C or C++.

There's subtle semantic differences between the languages, and in order to get it right the translation program needs to be very precise, and account for lots of things, and make obscure function calls, and that can be very confusing. You will not get readable C or C++. Instead, you should learn the appropriate version of Fortran.

If you understand C and C++, it shouldn't be at all hard to learn. It's just another language, and it won't have much in the way of new concepts. You need to be clear why you are doing this. Is it because the functionality you need is ONLY available in some legacy FORTRAN? I had this problem many years ago when I needed a general matrix inversion algorithm, that was only available in FORTRAN.

It wasn't easy to understand - no comments and variables named like G(J). I converted it to C using f2c and it ran perfectly. But it was even harder to understand. Two points were that FORTRAN counts from 1 and C from 0, so there were lots of i+1 and j-1. Also arguments had to be implemented by reference. Later I had to run this in Java.

Still no other algorithm, so I converted the C to Java. This was really painful. And I still didn't understand what has happening. And after a year or two it stopped working! But, luckily, now there are several Java implementations. So if you can explain your real requirements maybe we can help.

I hope that this isn't an assignment, because if so it's (IMO) a poor one. If there is some magic legacy code, suggest you try as hard as possible to find a modern equivalent.

I found there is a small toolkit named fable which is dedicated to such conversion. THere is also. Abstract from the review authors: Background In scientific computing, Fortran was the dominant implementation language throughout most of the second part of the 20th century. The many tools accumulated during this time have been difficult to integrate with modern software, which is now dominated by object-oriented languages. Results Driven by the requirements of a large-scale scientific software project, we have developed a Fortran to C++ source-to-source conversion tool named FABLE.

This enables the continued development of new methods even while switching languages. We report the application of FABLE in three major projects and present detailed comparisons of Fortran and C++ runtime performances.

Conclusions Our experience suggests that most Fortran 77 codes can be converted with an effort that is minor (measured in days) compared to the original development time (often measured in years). With FABLE it is possible to reuse and evolve legacy work in modern object-oriented environments, in a portable and maintainable way.

FABLE is available under a nonrestrictive open source license. In FABLE the analysis of the Fortran sources is separated from the generation of the C++ sources. Therefore parts of FABLE could be reused for other target languages.