Areas where Urdu is neither official nor co-official This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper, you may see instead of characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see. This article contains. Without proper, you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of. Urdu (;: اُردُو‬‎: Urdū ( ), or Modern Standard Urdu) is a and language of the. It is the official and of.

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In India, it is one of the 22 recognized in the, having official status in the of,,,, and, as well as. Apart from specialized, Urdu is with, another recognized register of Hindustani.

The Urdu variant of Hindustani received recognition and patronage under when the replaced the local official languages with English and Hindustani written in, as the official language in and. Religious, social, and political factors pushed for a distinction between Urdu and Hindi in India, leading to the. Main article: Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of. It evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) register of the preceding, a that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages, including the.

Urdu developed under the influence of the and languages, both of which have contributed a significant amount of vocabulary to formal speech. Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in and. Although the word is derived from the word (army) or, from which English is also derived, Turkic borrowings in Urdu are minimal and Urdu is also not to the.

Urdu words originating from and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianized versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic ( ة ) changes to ( ه‬ ) or ( ت‬ ).

Nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the, but from, a from Central Asia. Urdu and Turkish borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu and Turkish words. Influence in the region began with the late first-millennium. The Persian language was introduced into the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian and dynasties including that of. The Turko-Afghan established Persian as its official language, a policy continued by the, which extended over most of northern from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented influence on the developing Hindustani. [ ] With the advent of the, Persian was no longer the language of administration but, still written in the, continued to be used by both and.

[ ] The name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. ( p18) From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century Urdu was commonly known as Hindi. ( p1) The language was also known by various other names such as Hindavi and Dehlavi. ( pp21–22) The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced as the official language in 1837 and was made co-official, along with English. Urdu was promoted in British India by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian. This triggered a Brahman backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native script. Thus a new literary register, called 'Hindi', replaced traditional Hindustani as the official language of in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of 'Urdu' for Muslims and 'Hindi' for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence (though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu to this day, with post-independence examples including and ).

There have been attempts to 'purify' Urdu and Hindi, by purging Urdu of loanwords, and Hindi of Persian loan words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi. English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language.

Speakers and geographic distribution [ ]. The phrase Zabān-i Urdū-yi Muʿallā ('The language of the exalted camp') written in. There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in India (more than 80% of it) and Pakistan together: there were 52 million and 80.5 million Urdu speakers in India some 5% and 6.5% of the total population of India as per the 2001 and 2011 censuses respectively; approximately 10 million in Pakistan or 7.57% as per the 1998 census and 16 million in 2006 estimates; and several hundred thousand in the,,, and (where it is called 'Bihari').

However, a knowledge of Urdu allows one to speak with far more people than that, because, of which Urdu is one variety, is the third most commonly spoken language in the world, after and. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between Urdu and Hindi speakers in India and Pakistan, as well as estimating the number of people for whom Urdu is a second language, the estimated number of speakers is uncertain and controversial. [ ] Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localized wherever it is spoken, including in Pakistan. Urdu in Pakistan has undergone changes and has incorporated and borrowed many words from regional languages like,, and, thus allowing speakers of the language in Pakistan to distinguish themselves more easily and giving the language a decidedly Pakistani flavour. Similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects like () of South India, and Khariboli of the. Because of Urdu's similarity to, speakers of the two languages can easily understand one another if both sides refrain from using specialized vocabulary.

The (grammar),, and the are essentially identical. Thus linguists usually count them as one single language and contend that they are considered as two different languages for socio-political reasons. In Pakistan, Urdu is mostly learned as a second or a third language as nearly 93% of Pakistan's population has a native language other than Urdu. Despite this, Urdu was chosen as a token of unity and as a so as not to give any native Pakistani language preference over the other. Urdu is therefore spoken and understood by the vast majority in some form or another, including a majority of urban dwellers in such cities as,,,,,,,,,,,, and.

Dungeon Siege 2 Torrent Isohunt more. It is written, spoken and used in all although the people from differing provinces may have different indigenous languages, as from the fact that it is the 'base language' of the country. For this reason, it is also taught as a compulsory subject up to higher secondary school in both English and Urdu medium school systems. This has produced millions of Urdu speakers from people whose native language is one of the such as,,,,,,,,, and who can read and write only Urdu. It is absorbing many words from the regional languages of Pakistan.

This variation of Urdu is sometimes referred to as Pakistani Urdu. [ ] Although most of the population is conversant in Urdu, it is the first language of only an estimated 7% of the population who are mainly Muslim immigrants (known as in Pakistan) from different parts of. The regional languages are also being influenced by Urdu vocabulary. There are millions of Pakistanis whose native language is not Urdu, but because they have studied in Urdu medium schools, they can read and write Urdu along with their native language.

Most of the nearly five million of different ethnic origins (such as,,,, and ) who stayed in Pakistan for over twenty-five years have also become fluent in Urdu. With such a large number of people(s) speaking Urdu, the language has acquired a peculiar Pakistani flavour further distinguishing it from the Urdu spoken by native speakers and diversifying the language even further. Many newspapers are published in Urdu in Pakistan, including the,,, among many others (see ). In India, Urdu is spoken in places where there are large Muslim minorities or cities that were bases for Muslim Empires in the past. These include parts of,,,,, (), and cities such as,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, and. Some Indian schools teach Urdu as a first language and have their own syllabi and exams.

Indian also teach as well as Urdu. India has more than 3,000 Urdu publications, including 405 daily Urdu newspapers.

Newspapers such as Neshat News Urdu, Sahara Urdu, Daily Salar, Hindustan Express, Daily Pasban, Siasat Daily, and Inqilab are published and distributed in,,,, and (see ). Outside, it is spoken by large numbers of migrant South Asian workers in the major urban centres of the countries. Urdu is also spoken by large numbers of immigrants and their children in the major urban centres of the, the,,,, and.

Along with, Urdu is among the immigrant languages with the most speakers in, leading to fears of linguistic ghettos. Cultural identity and Islam [ ] Colonial India [ ] Religious and social atmospheres in early nineteenth century India played significant roles in the development of the Urdu register. In addition to Islam, India was characterized by a number of tribal religions which each represented different spiritual outlooks and maintained different languages. These tribal religions were later categorized by British colonialists as Hinduism. Under British rule, the dispersed tribes associated with Hinduism pushed for unification by means of a common language.

Became the distinct register spoken by those who sought to construct a Hindu identity in the face of colonial rule. As Hindi separated from Hindustani to create a distinct spiritual identity, Urdu, which was originally spoken by both Hindu and Muslim elites, was employed to create a definitive Islamic identity for the Muslim population in India. As Urdu and Hindi became means of religious and social construction for Muslims and Hindus respectively, each register developed its own script. According to Islamic tradition,, the language spoken by the prophet and uttered in creation of the, holds spiritual significance and power. Because Urdu was intentioned as means of unification for Muslims in Northern India and later Pakistan, it adopted an Arabic script.

Pakistan [ ] Urdu continued its role in developing a Muslim identity as the was established with the intent to construct a homeland for Islamic believers. Several languages and dialects spoken throughout the regions of Pakistan produced an imminent need for a uniting language. Because Urdu was the symbol of Islamic identity in Northern India, it was selected as the national language for Pakistan.

While Urdu and Islam together played important roles in developing the national identity of Pakistan, disputes in the 1950s challenged the necessity for Urdu as a national symbol and its practicality as the lingua franca. Keyshia Cole The Way It Is Torrent Download. The significance of Urdu as a national symbol was downplayed by these disputes when English and Bengali were also accepted as official languages. In addition to the disagreements over the value of Urdu as a national language in Pakistan, recent Muslims in Asia question the necessity for the Urdu script to be distinctly different from the Hindi script.

While early nineteenth century Muslims saw the Arabic script as part of their identity, certain modern Muslims choose to use a modified Hindi script in writing Urdu. Although Urdu was a distinct identity marker for Muslims in colonialist ruled India and a national symbol for Pakistan, its necessity has been put into question by modern Muslims in both India and Pakistan. Official status [ ]. A multilingual railway station board Urdu is the national and one of the two official languages of Pakistan, along with English, and is spoken and understood throughout the country, whereas the state-by-state languages (languages spoken throughout various regions) are the. Only 7.57% of Pakistanis have Urdu as their first language, but Urdu is mostly understood and spoken all over Pakistan as a second or third language.

It is used in,, office and court business. It holds in itself a repository of the and heritage of the country. Although English is used in most elite circles, and has a plurality of native speakers, Urdu is the and national language of Pakistan. In practice English is used instead of Urdu in the higher echelons of government.

Urdu is also one of the officially recognized languages in and the official language of, one of the two official languages of and also has the status of 'additional official language' in the of,,, and the national capital,. In, section 145 of the Kashmir Constitution provides: 'The official language of the State shall be Urdu but the English language shall unless the Legislature by law otherwise provides, continue to be used for all the official purposes of the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of the Constitution.' Dialects [ ] Urdu has a few recognised dialects, including,, and Modern Vernacular Urdu (based on the dialect of the Delhi region). (also known as Dakani, Deccani, Desia, Mirgan) is spoken in region of southern India. It is distinct by its mixture of vocabulary from and, as well as some vocabulary from, and that are not found in the standard dialect of Urdu.

Dakhini is widely spoken in all parts of,, and. Urdu is read and written as in other parts of India. A number of daily newspapers and several monthly magazines in Urdu are published in these states. In terms of pronunciation, the easiest way to recognize native speakers is by their pronunciation of the letter 'qāf' ( ق‬) as 'k̲h̲e' ( خ‬). Code switching [ ] Many bilingual or multi-lingual Urdu speakers, being familiar with both Urdu and English, display (referred to as 'Urdish') in certain localities and between certain social groups. On 14 August 2015, the launched the Ilm Pakistan movement, with a uniform curriculum in Urdish., Federal Minister of Pakistan, said, 'Now the government is working on a new curriculum to provide a new medium to the students which will be the combination of both Urdu and English and will name it Urdish.'

Comparison with Modern Standard Hindi [ ]. Further information:,, and Standard Urdu is often with.

Apart from religious associations, the differences are largely restricted to the: Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the of the and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic as a source for technical and literary vocabulary, whereas Standard Hindi is conventionally written in and draws on. However, both have large numbers of Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit words, and most linguists consider them to be two standardised forms of the same language, and consider the differences to be, though a few classify them separately. Old Urdu dictionaries also contain most of the Sanskrit words now present in Hindi.

Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts that rely on educated vocabulary. Further, it is quite easy in a longer conversation to distinguish differences in vocabulary and pronunciation of some Urdu. As a result of religious nationalism since the and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert them to be distinct languages, despite the numerous similarities between the two in a colloquial setting. The barrier created between Hindi and Urdu is eroding: Hindi speakers are comfortable with using Persian-Arabic borrowed words and Urdu speakers are also comfortable with using Sanskrit terminology. Phonology [ ].

The Urdu alphabet, with names in the Devanāgarī and Latin alphabets Urdu is written right-to left in an extension of the, which is itself an extension of the. Urdu is associated with the of, whereas is generally written in the or styles. Nasta’liq is notoriously difficult to typeset, so Urdu newspapers were hand-written by masters of calligraphy, known as kātib or khush-nawīs, until the late 1980s. [ ] One handwritten Urdu newspaper,, is still published daily in. Urdu has also historically been written in the script.

A highly Persianized and technical form of Urdu was the lingua franca of the law courts of the British administration in,, and the North-West Provinces & Oudh. Until the late 19th century, all proceedings and court transactions in this register of Urdu were written officially in the Persian script. In 1880,, the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal abolished the use of the Persian alphabet in the law courts of and and ordered the exclusive use of, a popular script used for both Urdu and.

Kaithi's association with Urdu and was ultimately eliminated by the political contest between these languages and their scripts, in which the Persian script was definitively linked to Urdu. More recently in India, Urdu speakers have adopted for publishing Urdu periodicals and have innovated new strategies to mark Urdu in Devanagari as distinct from Hindi in Devanagari. Such publishers have introduced new orthographic features into Devanagari for the purpose of representing the Perso-Arabic etymology of Urdu words. One example is the use of अ (Devanagari a) with vowel signs to mimic contexts of ع‬ ( ), in violation of Hindi orthographic rules. For Urdu publishers, the use of Devanagari gives them a greater audience, whereas the orthographic changes help them preserve a distinct identity of Urdu. Literature [ ].

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