Main articles:,, and The air engine is an emission-free piston engine that uses compressed air as a source of energy. The first compressed air car was invented by a French engineer named. The expansion of compressed air may be used to drive the pistons in a modified piston engine. Efficiency of operation is gained through the use of environmental heat at normal temperature to warm the otherwise cold expanded air from the storage tank. This non-adiabatic expansion has the potential to greatly increase the efficiency of the machine. The only exhaust is cold air (−15 °C), which could also be used to air condition the car. The source for air is a pressurized carbon-fiber tank.

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Air is delivered to the engine via a rather conventional injection system. Unique crank design within the engine increases the time during which the air charge is warmed from ambient sources and a two-stage process allows improved heat transfer rates. Battery-electric [ ].

(BEVs), also known as all-electric vehicles (AEVs), are electric vehicles whose main energy storage is in the chemical energy of batteries. BEVs are the most common form of what is defined by the (CARB) as (ZEV) because they produce no tailpipe emissions at the point of operation. The electrical energy carried on board a BEV to power the motors is obtained from a variety of battery chemistries arranged into battery packs. For additional range genset trailers or pusher trailers are sometimes used, forming a type of hybrid vehicle. Batteries used in electric vehicles include 'flooded' lead-acid, absorbed glass mat, NiCd, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries.

Attempts at building viable, modern -powered electric vehicles began in the 1950s with the introduction of the first modern ( controlled) electric car - the, even though the concept was out in the market since 1890. Despite the poor sales of the early battery-powered vehicles, development of various battery-powered vehicles continued through the mid-1990s, with such models as the and the. Solar powered car, which has travelled up to 140km/h (84mph). A solar car is an electric vehicle powered by solar energy obtained from solar panels on the car. Solar panels cannot currently be used to directly supply a car with a suitable amount of power at this time, but they can be used to extend the range of electric vehicles. They are raced in competitions such as the World Solar Challenge and the North American Solar Challenge.

These events are often sponsored by Government agencies such as the United States Department of Energy keen to promote the development of technology such as solar cells and electric vehicles. Such challenges are often entered by universities to develop their students engineering and technological skills as well as motor vehicle manufacturers such as GM and Honda. Trev's battery lasts over 250,000 kilometres. The is a solar car race across North America. Originally called Sunrayce, organized and sponsored by General Motors in 1990, it was renamed American Solar Challenge in 2001, sponsored by the United States Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Teams from universities in the United States and Canada compete in a long distance test of endurance as well as efficiency, driving thousands of miles on regular highways. Is the name of a series of manned solar powered vehicles that won the World solar challenge in Australia three times in a row, in 2001 (Nuna 1 or just Nuna), 2003 (Nuna 2) and 2005 (Nuna 3).

The Nunas are built by students of the Delft University of Technology. The is a solar powered car race over 3,021 kilometres (1,877 mi) through central Australia from Darwin to Adelaide.

The race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations although some are fielded by high schools. Trev (two-seater vehicle) was designed by the staff and students at the University of South Australia. Trev was first displayed at the 2005 World Solar Challenge as the concept of a low-mass, efficient commuter car. With 3 wheels and a mass of about 300 kg, the prototype car had maximum speed of 120 km/h and acceleration of 0–100 km/h in about 10 seconds.

The running cost of Trev is projected to be less than 1/10 of the running cost of a small petrol car. Installation of BioDME synthesis towers at Chemrec's pilot facility (DME) is a promising fuel in, (30% DME / 70% LPG), and owing to its high, which is 55, compared to diesel's, which is 40–53. Only moderate modification are needed to convert a diesel engine to burn DME. The simplicity of this short carbon chain compound leads during combustion to very low emissions of particulate matter, NO x, CO.

For these reasons as well as being sulfur-free, DME meets even the most stringent emission regulations in Europe (EURO5), U.S. 2010), and Japan (2009 Japan). Is using DME in their process. DME is being developed as a synthetic (BioDME), which can be manufactured from. Currently the EU is considering BioDME in its potential biofuel mix in 2030; the Group is the coordinator for the project BioDME where BioDME pilot plant based on is nearing completion in, Sweden. Ammonia fuelled vehicles [ ]. The aircraft used ammonia as one component of its engine is produced by combining gaseous hydrogen with nitrogen from the air.

Large-scale ammonia production uses natural gas for the source of hydrogen. Ammonia was used during World War II to power buses in Belgium, and in engine and solar energy applications prior to 1900. Liquid ammonia also fuelled the rocket engine, that powered the hypersonic research aircraft. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no soot in the reusable rocket engine and its density approximately matches the density of the oxidizer, liquid oxygen, which simplified the aircraft's design. Has been proposed as a practical alternative to for. The calorific value of ammonia is 22.5 MJ/kg (9690 /lb), which is about half that of diesel.

In a normal engine, in which the water vapour is not condensed, the calorific value of ammonia will be about 21% less than this figure. It can be used in existing engines with only minor modifications to /. If produced from coal, the CO 2 can be readily sequestered (the combustion products are nitrogen and water).

Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a, have been proposed and occasionally used. The principle is similar to that used in a, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by in the UK and in. In 1981 a Canadian company converted a 1981 Chevrolet Impala to operate using ammonia as fuel.

Ammonia and GreenNH3 is being used with success by developers in Canada, since it can run in spark ignited or diesel engines with minor modifications, also the only green fuel to power jet engines, and despite its toxicity is reckoned to be no more dangerous than petrol or LPG. It can be made from renewable electricity, and having half the density of petrol or diesel can be readily carried in sufficient quantities in vehicles. On complete combustion it has no emissions other than nitrogen and water vapour.

The combustion chemical formula is 4 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 N2 + 6 H2O, 75% water is the result. Biofuels [ ]. The 2003 was the first commercial in the market, capable of running on any mixture of gasoline () and ethanol (). The first commercial vehicle that used as a fuel was the, produced from 1908 through 1927.

It was fitted with a with adjustable jetting, allowing use of gasoline or ethanol, or a combination of both. Other car manufactures also provided engines for ethanol fuel use. In the United States, alcohol fuel was produced in corn-alcohol until criminalized the production of alcohol in 1919. The use of alcohol as a fuel for, either alone or in combination with other fuels, lapsed until the of the 1970s. Furthermore, additional attention was gained because of its possible environmental and long-term economical advantages over fossil fuel. Both and have been used as an automotive fuel.

While both can be obtained from petroleum or natural gas, ethanol has attracted more attention because it is considered a, easily obtained from sugar or in crops and other agricultural produce such as,, sugar beets or even. Since ethanol occurs in nature whenever yeast happens to find a sugar solution such as overripe fruit, most organisms have evolved some tolerance to, whereas is toxic.

Other experiments involve, which can also be produced by fermentation of plants. Support for ethanol comes from the fact that it is a biomass fuel, which addresses and emissions, though these benefits are now highly debated, including the heated 2008 debate. Most modern cars are designed to run on gasoline are capable of running with a blend from 10% up to 15% ethanol mixed into gasoline (). With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentrations as high as 85% (), the maximum set in the United States and Europe due to cold weather during the winter, or up to 100% () in Brazil, with a warmer climate. Ethanol has close to 34% less energy per volume than gasoline, consequently fuel economy ratings with ethanol blends are significantly lower than with pure gasoline, but this lower energy content does not translate directly into a 34% reduction in mileage, because there are many other variables that affect the performance of a particular fuel in a particular engine, and also because ethanol has a higher octane rating which is beneficial to high compression ratio engines.

For this reason, for pure or high ethanol blends to be attractive for users, its price must be lower than gasoline to offset the lower fuel economy. As a, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the local media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the results and seasonal harvests of sugar cane and by region. In the US, and based on EPA tests for all 2006 models, the average fuel economy for E85 vehicles was found 25.56% lower than unleaded gasoline.

The EPA-rated mileage of current American flex-fuel vehicles could be considered when making price comparisons, though E85 has octane rating of about 104 and could be used as a substitute for premium gasoline. Regional retail E85 prices vary widely across the US, with more favorable prices in the region, where most corn is grown and ethanol produced.

In August 2008 the US average spread between the price of and gasoline was 16.9%, while in was 35%, 30% in and, 19% in, 12 to 15% in California, and just 3% in. Depending of the vehicle capabilities, the break even price of E85 usually has to be between 25 and 30% lower than gasoline. Fuel sold at a regular gasoline station in Washington, D.C. Reacting to the high price of oil and its growing dependence on imports, in 1975 launched the, a huge government-subsidized effort to manufacture ethanol fuel (from its sugar cane crop) and ethanol-powered automobiles.

These ethanol-only vehicles were very popular in the 1980s, but became economically impractical when oil prices fell - and sugar prices rose - late in that decade. In May 2003 built for the first time a commercial ethanol, the 1.6 Total Flex. These vehicles were a commercial success and by early 2009 other nine Brazilian manufacturers are producing flexible fuel vehicles:,,,,,,,,, and.

The adoption of the flex technology was so rapid, that flexible fuel cars reached 87.6% of new car sales in July 2008. As of August 2008, the fleet of 'flex' automobiles and light commercial vehicles had reached 6 million new vehicles sold, representing almost 19% of all registered light vehicles.

The rapid success of 'flex' vehicles, as they are popularly known, was made possible by the existence of 33,000 filling stations with at least one ethanol pump available by 2006, a heritage of the Pro-alcool program. In the United States, initial support to develop alternative fuels by the government was also a response to the, and later on, as a goal to improve air quality. Also, liquid fuels were preferred over gaseous fuels not only because they have a better volumetric energy density but also because they were the most compatible fuels with existing distribution systems and engines, thus avoiding a big departure from the existing technologies and taking advantage of the vehicle and the refueling infrastructure. California led the search of sustainable alternatives with interest in. In 1996, a new FFV was developed, with models fully capable of running either methanol or ethanol blended with gasoline. This ethanol version of the Taurus was the first commercial production of an E85 FFV.

The momentum of the FFV production programs at the American car companies continued, although by the end of the 90's, the emphasis was on the FFV E85 version, as it is today. Ethanol was preferred over methanol because there is a large support in the farming community and thanks to government's incentive programs and corn-based ethanol subsidies. Also tested both the M85 and the E85 flexifuel vehicles, but due to agriculture policy, in the end emphasis was given to the ethanol flexifuel vehicles. Pump in the U.S. The main benefit of Diesel combustion engines is that they have a 44% fuel burn efficiency; compared with just 25-30% in the best gasoline engines. In addition diesel fuel has slightly higher by volume than gasoline.

This makes Diesel engines capable of achieving much better fuel economy than gasoline vehicles. (Fatty acid methyl ester), is commercially available in most oilseed-producing states in the United States. As of 2005, it is somewhat more expensive than fossil diesel, though it is still commonly produced in relatively small quantities (in comparison to petroleum products and ethanol). Many farmers who raise oilseeds use a biodiesel blend in tractors and equipment as a matter of policy, to foster production of biodiesel and raise public awareness. It is sometimes easier to find biodiesel in rural areas than in cities. Biodiesel has lower than fossil diesel fuel, so biodiesel vehicles are not quite able to keep up with the fuel economy of a fossil fuelled diesel vehicle, if the diesel injection system is not reset for the new fuel.

If the injection timing is changed to take account of the higher Cetane value of biodiesel, the difference in economy is negligible. Because biodiesel contains more oxygen than diesel or, it produces the lowest emissions from diesel engines, and is lower in most emissions than gasoline engines.

Biodiesel has a higher lubricity than mineral diesel and is an additive in European pump diesel for lubricity and emissions reduction. Black Cat Air Compressor Bc 2500 Manual. Some -powered cars can run with minor modifications on 100% pure. Vegetable oils tend to thicken (or solidify if it is waste cooking oil), in cold weather conditions so vehicle modifications (a two tank system with diesel start/stop tank), are essential in order to heat the fuel prior to use under most circumstances. Ahtec Sense Drivers. Heating to the temperature of engine coolant reduces fuel viscosity, to the range cited by injection system manufacturers, for systems prior to 'common rail' or 'unit injection ( VW PD)' systems.

Waste vegetable oil, especially if it has been used for a long time, may become hydrogenated and have increased acidity. This can cause the thickening of fuel, gumming in the engine and acid damage of the fuel system. Biodiesel does not have this problem, because it is chemically processed to be PH neutral and lower viscosity. Modern low emission diesels (most often Euro -3 and -4 compliant), typical of the current production in the European industry, would require extensive modification of injector system, pumps and seals etc. Due to the higher operating pressures, that are designed thinner (heated) mineral diesel than ever before, for atomisation, if they were to use pure vegetable oil as fuel. Vegetable oil fuel is not suitable for these vehicles as they are currently produced.

This reduces the market as increasing numbers of new vehicles are not able to use it. However, the German Elsbett company has successfully produced single tank vegetable oil fuel systems for several decades, and has worked with Volkswagen on their TDI engines.

This shows that it is technologically possible to use vegetable oil as a fuel in high efficiency / low emission diesel engines. Is an event held yearly in, and is one of the largest showcases of vehicles using waste oil as a biofuel in the United States. Main article: Compressed Biogas may be used for Internal Combustion Engines after purification of the raw gas.

The removal of H2O, H2S and particles can be seen as standard producing a gas which has the same quality as Compressed Natural Gas. The use of biogas is particularly interesting for climates where the waste heat of a biogas powered power plant cannot be used during the summer. Charcoal [ ] In the 1930s made an invention using abundant resources for Chinese auto market. The Charcoal-fuelled car was later used intensively in China, serving the army and conveyancer after the breakout of World War II. Compressed natural gas (CNG) [ ]. The Brazilian 1.4, the first car that runs as a on pure gasoline, or, or; or runs as a with.

High-pressure, mainly composed of methane, that is used to fuel normal combustion engines instead of gasoline. Combustion of methane produces the least amount of CO 2 of all fossil fuels. Gasoline cars can be retrofitted to CNG and become bifuel (NGVs) as the gasoline tank is kept. The driver can switch between CNG and gasoline during operation. (NGVs) are popular in regions or countries where natural gas is abundant.

Widespread use began in the of, and later became very popular in by the eighties, though its use has declined. Powered with are common in the United States. As of December 2012, there were 17.8 million worldwide, led by Iran with 3.30 million, followed by Pakistan (2.79 million), Argentina (2.29 million), Brazil (1.75 million), China (1.58 million) and India (1.5 million). As of 2010, the Asia-Pacific region led the global market with a share of 54%.

In Europe they are popular in Italy (730,000), Ukraine (200,000), Armenia (101,352), Russia (100,000) and Germany (91,500), and they are becoming more so as various manufacturers produce factory made cars, buses, vans and heavy vehicles. In the United States CNG powered buses are the favorite choice of several agencies, with an estimated CNG bus fleet of some 130,000. Other countries where CNG-powered buses are popular include India, Australia, Argentina, and Germany. CNG vehicles are common in South America, where these vehicles are mainly used as in main cities of Argentina and Brazil. Normally, standard gasoline vehicles are retrofitted in specialized shops, which involve installing the gas cylinder in the trunk and the CNG injection system and electronics. The Brazilian GNV fleet is concentrated in the cities of and. Pike Research reports that almost 90% of NGVs in Latin America have, allowing these vehicles to run on either gasoline or CNG.

In 2006 the Brazilian subsidiary of introduced the, a four-fuel car developed under of Brazil. This automobile can run on 100% ethanol (), (Brazil's normal ethanol gasoline blend), pure gasoline (not available in Brazil), and natural gas, and switches from the gasoline-ethanol blend to CNG automatically, depending on the power required by road conditions. Other existing option is to an ethanol to add a natural gas tank and the corresponding injection system.

Some in and, Brazil, run on this option, allowing the user to choose among three fuels (E25, E100 and CNG) according to current market prices at the pump. Vehicles with this adaptation are known in Brazil as 'tri-fuel' cars. Or Hydrogen enriched Compressed Natural Gas for mobile use is premixed at the.

The is one of the first hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles to be sold commercially to retail customers, initially, only in Japan and California. A car is an automobile which uses hydrogen as its primary source of power for locomotion. These cars generally use the hydrogen in one of two methods: combustion or conversion. In combustion, the hydrogen is 'burned' in engines in fundamentally the same method as traditional gasoline cars.

In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is turned into electricity through fuel cells which then powers electric motors. With either method, the only byproduct from the spent hydrogen is water, however during combustion with air can be produced. Introduced its fuel cell vehicle in 1999 called the and have since then introduced the second generation. Limited marketing of the FCX Clarity, based on the 2007 concept model, began in June 2008 in the United States, and it was introduced in Japan in November 2008. The FCX Clarity was available in the U.S.

Only in, where 16 hydrogen filling stations are available, and until July 2009, only 10 drivers have leased the Clarity for US$600 a month. At the 2012, Daimler AG, Honda, Hyundai and Toyota all confirmed plans to produce hydrogen fuel cell vehicles for sale by 2015, with some types planned to enter the showroom in 2013.

From 2008 to 2014, Honda leased a total of 45 FCX units in the US. A small number of prototype hydrogen cars currently exist, and a significant amount of research is underway to make the technology more viable.

The common, usually fueled with gasoline (petrol) or liquids, can be converted to run on gaseous hydrogen. However, the most efficient use of hydrogen involves the use of and instead of a traditional engine. Hydrogen reacts with inside the fuel cells, which produces electricity to power the motors. One primary area of research is, to try to increase the range of hydrogen vehicles while reducing the weight, energy consumption, and complexity of the storage systems.

Two primary methods of storage are metal hydrides and compression. Some believe that hydrogen cars will never be economically viable and that the emphasis on this technology is a diversion from the development and popularization of more efficient hybrid cars and other alternative technologies. [ ] A study by for the UK suggests that hydrogen technologies have the potential to deliver UK transport with near-zero emissions whilst reducing dependence on imported oil and curtailment of renewable generation. However, the technologies face very difficult challenges, in terms of cost, performance and policy.,,,,,,,,, airplanes,, and can already run on hydrogen, in various forms.

Used hydrogen to launch into space. A working toy model car runs on, using a to store energy in the form of hydrogen and gas. It can then convert the fuel back into water to release the solar energy. BMW's Clean Energy internal combustion hydrogen car has more power and is faster than hydrogen fuel cell electric cars.

A limited series production of the 7 Series Saloon was announced as commencing at the end of 2006. A BMW hydrogen prototype (H2R) using the driveline of this model broke the speed record for hydrogen cars at 300 km/h (186 mi/h), making automotive history. Mazda has developed Wankel engines to burn hydrogen. The Wankel uses a rotary principle of operation, so the hydrogen burns in a different part of the engine from the intake. This reduces pre-detonation, a problem with hydrogen fueled piston engines. [ ] The other major car companies like Daimler, Chrysler, Honda, Toyota, Ford and General Motors, are investing in hydrogen fuel cells instead.

VW, Nissan, and Hyundai/Kia also have fuel cell vehicle prototypes on the road. In addition, transit agencies across the globe are running prototype fuel cell buses., such as the new Honda Clarity, can get up to 70 miles (110 km) on a kilogram of hydrogen.

[ ] The fuel cell vehicle is available for lease in the U.S. In 2014, a total of 54 units were leased. Sales of the to government and corporate customers began in Japan on December 15, 2014. Toyota delivered the first market placed Mirai to the and announced it got 1,500 orders in Japan in one month after sales began against a sales target of 400 for 12 months. Deliveries to retail customers began in California in October 2015. A total of 57 units were delivered between October and November 2015. Toyota scheduled to release the Mirai in the in the first half of 2016.

The market launch in Europe is slated for September 2015. Liquid nitrogen car [ ]. Further information: Liquid nitrogen (LN2) is a method of storing energy. Energy is used to liquefy air, and then LN2 is produced by evaporation, and distributed. LN2 is exposed to ambient heat in the car and the resulting nitrogen gas can be used to power a piston or turbine engine. The maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from LN2 is 213 Watt-hours per kg (Wh/kg) or 173 Wh per liter, in which a maximum of 70 Wh/kg can be utilized with an isothermal expansion process. Such a vehicle with a 350 liter (93 gallon) tank can achieve ranges similar to a gasoline powered vehicle with a 50 liter (13 gallon) tank.

Theoretical future engines, using cascading topping cycles, can improve this to around 110 Wh/kg with a quasi-isothermal expansion process. The advantages are zero harmful emissions and superior energy densities compared to a as well as being able to refill the tank in a matter of minutes. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) [ ]. Main article: is natural gas that has been cooled to a point at which it becomes a liquid. In this liquid state, natural gas is more than 2 times as dense as highly compressed CNG. LNG fuel systems function on any vehicle capable of burning natural gas.

Unlike CNG, which is stored at high pressure (typically 3000 or 3600 psi) and then regulated to a lower pressure that the engine can accept, LNG is stored at low pressure (50 to 150 psi) and simply vaporized by a heat exchanger before entering the fuel metering devices to the engine. Because of its high energy density compared to CNG, it is very suitable for those interested in long ranges while running on natural gas.

In the United States, the LNG supply chain is the main thing that has held back this fuel source from growing rapidly. The LNG supply chain is very analogous to that of diesel or gasoline. First, pipeline natural gas is liquefied in large quantities, which is analogous to refining gasoline or diesel. Then, the LNG is transported via semi trailer to fuel stations where it is stored in bulk tanks until it is dispensed into a vehicle. CNG, on the other hand, requires expensive compression at each station to fill the high-pressure cylinder cascades.

Autogas (LPG) [ ]. A propane-fueled in the United States. LPG or is a low pressure liquefied gas mixture composed mainly of propane and butane which burns in conventional gasoline combustion engines with less CO 2 than gasoline. Gasoline cars can be retrofitted to LPG aka Autogas and become bifuel vehicles as the gasoline tank stays. You can switch between LPG and gasoline during operation.

Estimated 10 million vehicles running worldwide. There are 17.473 million LPG powered vehicles worldwide as of December 2010, and the leading countries are Turkey (2.394 million vehicles), Poland (2.325 million), and South Korea (2.3 million). In the U.S., 190,000 on-road vehicles use propane, and 450,000 forklifts use it for power. Whereas it is banned in Pakistan(DEC 2013) as it is considered a risk to public safety by OGRA. Began sales of the in the domestic market in July 2009. The Elantra LPI (Liquefied Petroleum Injected) is the world's first to be powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on (LPG) as a fuel. Main article: A steam car is a car that has a.

Wood, coal,, or others can be used as. The fuel is burned in a and the heat converts water into. When the water turns to steam, it expands. The expansion creates. The pressure pushes the back and forth.

This turns the to spin the wheels forward. It works like a coal-fueled,. The steam car was the next logical step in independent transport.

Steam cars take a long time to start, but some can reach speeds over 100 mph (161 km/h) eventually. The late model could be brought to operational condition in less than 30 seconds, had high top speeds, and fast acceleration, but they were ridiculously expensive. A steam engine uses, as opposed to internal combustion. Gasoline-powered cars are more efficient at about 25-28%.

In theory, a steam engine in which the burning material is first used to drive a can produce 50% to 60% efficiency. However, practical examples of steam engined cars work at only around 5-8% efficiency. The best known and best selling steam-powered car was the. It used a compact fire-tube boiler under the hood to power a simple two-piston engine which was connected directly to the rear axle. Before introduced monthly payment financing with great success, cars were typically purchased outright.

This is why the Stanley was kept simple; to keep the purchase price affordable. Steam produced in also can be use by a in other vehicle types to produce electricity, that can be employed in electric motors or stored in a battery. Steam power can be combined with a standard oil-based engine to create a hybrid.

Water is injected into the cylinder after the fuel is burned, when the piston is still superheated, often at temperatures of 1500 degrees or more. The water will instantly be vaporized into steam, taking advantage of the heat that would otherwise be wasted. Wood gas [ ]. See also: A (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle is an alternative fuel automobile or with a engine that can use more than one, usually mixed in the same tank, and the blend is burned in the together. These vehicles are called flex-fuel, or flexifuel in Europe, or just flex in Brazil. FFVs are distinguished from, where two fuels are stored in separate tanks. The most common commercially available FFV in the world market is the, with the major markets concentrated in the United States, Brazil, Sweden, and some other European countries.

In addition to flex-fuel vehicles running with, in the US and Europe there were successful test programs with flex-fuel vehicles, known as, and more recently there have been also successful tests using with E85 flex fuel vehicles, but as of June 2008, this fuel is not yet available to the general public. Ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles have standard gasoline engines that are capable of running with and gasoline mixed in the same tank. These mixtures have 'E' numbers which describe the percentage of ethanol in the mixture, for example, E85 is 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. (See for more information.) Though technology exists to allow ethanol FFVs to run on any mixture up to E100, in the U.S. And Europe, flex-fuel vehicles are optimized to run on. This limit is set to avoid cold starting problems during very cold weather. The alcohol content might be reduced during the winter, to E70 in the U.S.

Or to E75 in Sweden. Brazil, with a warmer climate, developed vehicles that can run on any mix up to, though is the mandatory minimum blend, and no pure gasoline is sold in the country. About 48 million automobiles, motorcycles and manufactured and sold worldwide by mid 2015, and concentrated in four markets, Brazil (29.5 million by mid 2015), the United States (17.4 million by the end of 2014), Canada (1.6 million by 2014), and Sweden (243,100 through December 2014).

The Brazilian flex fuel fleet includes over 4 million flexible-fuel motorcycles produced since 2009 through March 2015. In Brazil, 65% of flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol fuel regularly in 2009, while, the actual number of American FFVs being run on is much lower; surveys conducted in the U.S. Have found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners were not aware they owned an E85 flex. This is thought to be due to a number of factors, including. Typical labeling used in the US to identify vehicles. Top left: a small sticker in the back of the fuel filler door. Bottom left: the bright yellow gas cap used in newer models.

E85 Flexfuel badging used in newer models from (top right), (middle right) and (bottom right). • The appearance of flex-fuel and non-flex-fuel vehicles is identical; • There is no price difference between a pure-gasoline vehicle and its flex-fuel variant; • The lack of consumer awareness of flex-fuel vehicles; • The lack of promotion of flex-fuel vehicles by American automakers, who often do not label the cars or market them in the same way they do to By contrast, automakers selling FFVs in Brazil commonly affix badges advertising the car as a flex-fuel vehicle. As of 2007, new FFV models sold in the U.S. Were required to feature a yellow gas cap emblazoned with the label 'E85/gasoline', in order to remind drivers of the cars' flex-fuel capabilities. Use of E85 in the U.S. Is also affected by the relatively low number of E85 filling stations in operation across the country, with just over 1,750 in August 2008, most of which are concentrated in the states, led by with 353 stations, followed by with 181, and with 114. By comparison, there are some 120,000 stations providing regular non-ethanol gasoline in the United States alone.

US FlexFuel LT 2009. There have been claims that American automakers are motivated to produce flex-fuel vehicles due to a in the (CAFE) requirements, which gives the automaker a 'fuel economy credit' for every flex-fuel vehicle sold, whether or not the vehicle is actually fueled with E85 in regular use. This loophole allegedly allows the U.S. Auto industry to meet CAFE fuel economy targets not by developing more fuel-efficient models, but by spending between US$100 and US$200 extra per vehicle to produce a certain number of flex-fuel models, enabling them to continue selling less fuel-efficient vehicles such as, which netted higher profit margins than smaller, more fuel-efficient cars. In the United States, FFVs are equipped with sensor that automatically detect the fuel mixture, signaling the ECU to tune spark timing and fuel injection so that fuel will burn cleanly in the vehicle's internal combustion engine.

Originally, the sensors were mounted in the fuel line and exhaust system; more recent models do away with the fuel line sensor. Another feature of older flex-fuel cars is a small separate gasoline storage tank that was used for starting the car on cold days, when the ethanol mixture made ignition more difficult. The is the world's best-selling, with global sales of almost 4 million units through January 2017. The first went on sale in Japan in 1997 and it is sold worldwide since 2000. By 2017 the Prius is sold in more than 90 countries and regions, with Japan and the United States as its largest markets. In May 2008, global cumulative Prius sales reached the 1 million units, and by September 2010, the Prius reached worldwide cumulative sales of 2 million units, and 3 million units by June 2013. As of January 2017, global hybrid sales are led by the, with cumulative sales of 6.0361 million units, excluding its plug-in hybrid variant.

The liftback is the leading model of the Toyota brand with cumulative sales of 3.985 million units, followed by the, with global sales of 1.380 million units, the with 671,200, the with 614,700 units, the with 378,000 units, and the with 302,700. The best-selling model is the with global sales of 363,000 units. The is a two-seater hatchback hybrid automobile manufactured by Honda. It was the first mass-produced hybrid automobile sold in the United States, introduced in 1999, and produced until 2006. Honda introduced the second-generation Insight in Japan in February 2009, and the new Insight went on sale in the United States on April 22, 2009.

Honda also offers the since 2002. As of January 2017, there are over 50 models of hybrid electric cars available in several world markets, with more than 12 million hybrid electric vehicles sold worldwide since their inception in 1997. As of April 2016, Japan ranked as the market leader with more than 5 million hybrids sold, followed by the United States with cumulative sales of over 4 million units since 1999, and Europe with about 1.5 million hybrids delivered since 2000. Japan has the world's highest hybrid. By 2013 the hybrid accounted for more than 30% of new standard passenger car sold, and about 20% new passenger vehicle sales including.

The Netherlands ranks second with a hybrid market share of 4.5% of new car sales in 2012. As of January 2017, global sales are by with more than 10 million and Toyota hybrids sold, followed by with cumulative global sales of more than 1.35 million hybrids as of June 2014; with over 424 thousand hybrids sold in the United States through June 2015, of which, around 10% are; with cumulative global sales of 200 thousand hybrids as of March 2014, including both and hybrid models; and with over 50,000 diesel-powered hybrids sold in Europe through December 2013. The, launched in the South Korean domestic market in July 2009, is a hybrid vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine built to run on (LPG) as a fuel. The Elantra PLI is a and the first hybrid to adopt advanced (Li–Poly) batteries. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle [ ]. Main article: Until 2010 most on the road in the U.S.

Were conversions of conventional hybrid electric vehicles, and the most prominent PHEVs were conversions of 2004 or later Toyota Prius, which have had plug-in charging and more batteries added and their electric-only range extended. Chinese battery manufacturer and automaker released the to the Chinese fleet market in December 2008 and began sales to the general public in in March 2010. Began deliveries of the in the U.S. In December 2010. Deliveries to retail customers of the began in the U.S. In November 2011.

The / family is the world's top selling. Global sales passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2015. During 2012, the,, and were released. The following models were launched during 2013 and 2015:,,, (limited edition),,,,,, (limited production), (limited production),,,,,,,,,,, and. As of December 2015, about 500,000 highway-capable plug-in hybrid electric cars had been sold worldwide since December 2008, out of total cumulative global sales of 1.2 million light-duty.

As of December 2016, the family of, with combined sales of about 134,500 units is the top selling plug-in hybrid in the world. Ranking next are the with about 119,500, and the with almost 78,000. Pedal-assisted electric hybrid vehicle [ ] In very small vehicles, the power demand decreases, so human power can be employed to make a significant improvement in battery life. Two such commercially made vehicles are the and. Comparative assessment of fossil and alternative fuels [ ] According to a recent comparative exergy and environmental analysis of the vehicle fuel end use (petroleum and natural gas derivatives & hydrogen; biofuels s.a.

Ethanol and biodiesel, and their mixtures; as well as electricity intended to be used in ), the renewable and non-renewable unit energy costs and CO2 emission cost are suitable indicators for assessing the renewable energy consumption intensity and the environmental impact, and for quantifying the thermodynamic performance of the transportation sector. This analysis allows ranking the energy conversion processes along the vehicle fuels production routes and their end use, so that the best options for the transportation sector can be determined and better energy policies may be issued. Thus, if a drastic CO2 emissions abatement of the transportation sector is pursued, a more intensive utilization of ethanol in the Brazilian transportation sector mix is advisable. However, as the overall exergy conversion efficiency of the sugar cane industry is still very low, which increases the unit energy cost of ethanol, better production and end use technologies are required. Nonetheless, with the current scenario of a predominantly renewable Brazilian electricity mix, based on more than 80% of renewable sources, this source consolidates as the most promising energy source to reduce the large amount of greenhouse gas emissions which transportation sector is responsible for. See also [ ].