Written specifically for short medical terminology courses in a variety of educational settings or for self-guided study, Medical Terminology Made Easy, Fourth Edition, is a self-paced learning approach designed to ease you into the language of medicine that separates the layperson from the professional. The programmed-learning format requires active participation through reading, writing, answering questions, labeling, repetition, and providing immediate feedback.

This format will help you to correctly decipher new terms by identifying and then practicing different word parts.

Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Etymology The spelling of 'woman' in English has progressed over the past millennium from wīfmann to wīmmann to wumman, and finally, the modern spelling woman. In, wīfmann meant 'female human', whereas wēr meant 'male human'. Mann or monn had a gender-neutral meaning of 'human', corresponding to Modern English 'person' or 'someone'; however, subsequent to the, man began to be used more in reference to 'male human', and by the late 13th century had begun to eclipse usage of the older term wēr. The medial labial consonants f and m in wīfmann coalesced into the modern form 'woman', while the initial element, which meant 'female', underwent semantic narrowing to the sense of a married woman ('wife'). It is a popular misconception that the term 'woman' is etymologically connected to 'womb'.

'Womb' is actually from the Old English word wambe meaning 'stomach' (modern German retains the colloquial term 'Wampe' from Middle High German for 'potbelly'). Biological symbol The symbol for the planet and goddess or in Greek is the sign also used in biology for the female sex. It is a stylized representation of the goddess Venus's hand- or an abstract symbol for the goddess: a circle with a small equilateral cross underneath. The Venus symbol also represented, and in ancient alchemy stood for. Alchemists constructed the symbol from a circle (representing ) above an equilateral cross (representing ).

Essential Medical Terminology, Fourth Edition is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by the owners of the trademarks. The authors, editor, and publisher have made every effort to provide accurate information. However, they. To/ShutterStock, Inc.; (Vitruvian Man). Medical Terminology A Programmed Learning Approach to the Language of Health Care, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams. Greenfield's Surgery Scientific Principles And Practice, Fourth Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams. Urine dipstick. Saturn Stills / Photo Researchers, Inc. Figure Labeling 1.

Further information:,,,,,,,, and Womanhood is the period in a female's life after she has passed through childhood and adolescence, generally around age 18. The word woman can be used generally, to mean any female human or specifically, to mean an adult female human as contrasted with girl. The word girl originally meant 'young person of either sex' in English; it was only around the beginning of the 16th century that it came to mean specifically a female child. The term girl is sometimes used colloquially to refer to a young or unmarried woman; however, during the early 1970s feminists challenged such use because the use of the word to refer to a fully grown woman may cause offence. In particular, previously common terms such as office girl are no longer widely used.

Conversely, in certain cultures which link family with female, the word girl is still used to refer to a never-married woman; in this sense it is used in a fashion roughly analogous to the obsolete English maid or maiden. Referring to an unmarried female human as a woman may, in such a culture, imply that she is sexually experienced, which would be an insult to her family. [ ] There are various words used to refer to the quality of being a woman. Photograph of an adult female human, with an adult male for comparison.

Note that both models have partially shaved body hair. In terms of, the female are involved in the reproductive system, whereas the are involved in nurturing children or, in some cultures, attracting a mate. The, in addition to their regulatory function producing hormones, produce female gametes called which, when by male gametes (), form new genetic individuals. The is an organ with tissue to protect and nurture the developing fetus and muscle to expel it when giving birth. The is used in copulation and birthing, although the term vagina is often colloquially and incorrectly used in the English language for the or external female genitalia, which consists of (in addition to the vagina) the, the, and the female. The evolved from the sweat gland to produce milk, a nutritious secretion that is the most distinctive characteristic of mammals, along with live birth.

In mature women, the breast is generally more prominent than in most other mammals; this prominence, not necessary for milk production, is probably at least partially the result of. (For other ways in which men commonly differ physically from women, see.) [ ] During early fetal development, embryos of both sexes appear gender-neutral. As in cases without two sexes, such as species that, the gender-neutral appearance is closer to female than to male. A fetus usually develops into a male if it is exposed to a significant amount of (typically because the fetus has a Y chromosome from the father). Otherwise, the fetus usually develops into a female, typically when the fetus has an X chromosome from the father, but also when the father contributed neither an X nor Y chromosome. Later at puberty, estrogen feminizes a young woman, giving her adult sexual characteristics. [ ] An imbalance of maternal hormonal levels and some chemicals (or drugs) may alter the secondary sexual characteristics of fetuses.

Most women have the 46,XX, but around one in a thousand will be, and one in 2500 will be. This contrasts with the typical male karotype of 46,XY; thus, the and Y chromosomes are known as female and male, respectively. Because humans inherit mitochondrial DNA only from the mother's ovum, genetic studies of the female line tend to focus on.

[ ] Whether or not a child is considered female does not always determine whether or not the child later will identify themselves that way (see ). For instance, individuals, who have mixed physical and/or genetic features, may use other criteria in making a clear determination. At birth, babies may be assigned a gender based on their genitalia. In some cases, even if a child had XX chromosomes, if they were born with a penis, they were raised as a male. There are also and women, who were assigned as male at birth, but identify as women; there are varying social, legal, and individual definitions with regard to these issues (see ). 'The Life & Age of Woman - Stages of Woman's Life from the Cradle to the Grave',1849 Although fewer females than males are born (the ratio is around 1:1.05), because of a longer life expectancy there are only 81 men aged 60 or over for every 100 women of the same age. Women typically have a longer life expectancy than men.

This is due to a combination of factors: (redundant and varied present on in women); (such as the fact that women are not expected in most modern nations to perform ); -impacting choices (such as or the use of, and ); the presence of the female hormone, which has a cardioprotective effect in premenopausal women; and the effect of high levels of in men. Out of the total human population in 2015, there were 101.8 men for every 100 women. Woman nursing her infant Girls' bodies undergo gradual changes during puberty, analogous to but distinct from those experienced by boys. Service Technician Workbench Keygen For Mac here. Puberty is the process of physical changes by which a child's matures into an adult body capable of to enable. It is initiated by signals from the to the -either the ovaries or the. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain,,,,,, breasts, and sexual organs. —height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when the child has developed an adult body.

Until the maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal, physical differences between boys and girls are the, the and the vagina. Puberty is a process that usually takes place between the ages 10–16, but these ages differ from girl to girl. The major landmark of girls' puberty is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12–13. Most girls go through menarche and are then able to become and. This generally requires internal fertilization of her eggs with the sperm of a man through, though or the surgical implantation of an existing embryo is also possible (see ). The study of female reproduction and is called.

Pregnant woman Women's health refers to health issues specific to human female anatomy. There are some diseases that primarily affect women, such as.

Also, there are some that are found more frequently or exclusively in women, e.g.,,,. Women and men may have different symptoms of an illness and may also respond to medical treatment differently. This area of medical research is studied. The issue of women's health has been taken up by many, especially where is concerned.

Women's health is positioned within a wider body of knowledge cited by, amongst others, the, which places importance on gender as a social determinant of health. Or maternal death is defined by as 'the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.'

About 99% of maternal deaths occur in developing countries. More than half of them occur in and almost one third in. The main causes of maternal mortality are severe bleeding (mostly bleeding after childbirth), infections (usually after childbirth), and, unsafe abortion, and pregnancy complications from and. Most European countries, Australia, as well as Japan and Singapore are very safe in regard to childbirth, while Sub-Saharan countries are the most dangerous. Reproductive rights and freedom. A poster from a 1921 conference displays the U.S. States that had implemented sterilization legislation are and freedoms relating to and.

The has stated that: (.) the human rights of women include their right to have control over and decide freely and responsibly on matters related to their sexuality, including sexual and reproductive health, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. Equal relationships between women and men in matters of sexual relations and reproduction, including full respect for the integrity of the person, require mutual respect, consent and shared responsibility for sexual behavior and its consequences. Violations of reproductive rights include, and. Forced sterilization was practiced during the first half of the 20th century by many Western countries. Forced sterilization and forced abortion are reported to be currently practiced in countries such as and China. The lack of adequate laws on sexual violence combined with the lack of access to and/or are a cause of enforced pregnancy (see ).

[ ] Culture and gender roles. A woman weaving. Work is traditionally and historically a female occupation in many cultures.

In many cultures, women assumed a particular cultural role. In societies, women were generally the gatherers of plant foods, small animal foods and fish, while men hunted meat from large animals. [ ] In more recent history, gender roles have changed greatly.

Originally, starting at a young age, aspirations occupationally are typically veered towards specific directions according to gender. Traditionally, women were involved in domestic tasks emphasizing child care. For poorer women, especially women, although this often remained an ideal, [ ] economic necessity compelled them to seek employment outside the home. Many of the occupations that were available to them were lower in pay than those available to men. [ ] As changes in the labor market for women came about, availability of employment changed from only 'dirty', long hour factory jobs to 'cleaner', more respectable office jobs where more education was demanded, women's participation in the U.S. Labor force rose from 6% in 1900 to 23% in 1923.

These shifts in the labor force led to changes in the attitudes of women at work, allowing for the revolution which resulted in women becoming career and education oriented. During, some women performed roles which would otherwise have been considered male jobs by the culture of the time In the 1970s, many female academics, including scientists, avoided having children. However, throughout the 1980s, institutions tried to equalize conditions for men and women in the workplace. However, the inequalities at home stumped women's opportunities to succeed as far as men. Professional women are still responsible for domestic labor and child care. As people would say, they have a 'double burden' which does not allow them the time and energy to succeed in their careers.

Furthermore, though there has been an increase in the endorsement of egalitarian gender roles in the home by both women and men, a recent research study showed that women focused on issues of morality, fairness, and well-being, while men focused on social conventions. Until the early 20th century, U.S.

Women's colleges required their women faculty members to remain single, on the grounds that a woman could not carry on two full-time professions at once. According to Schiebinger, 'Being a scientist and a wife and a mother is a burden in society that expects women more often than men to put family ahead of career.'

Movements advocate for both sexes and irrespective of gender. Through a combination of changes and the efforts of the movement, [ ] in recent decades women in many societies now have access to careers beyond the traditional. Although a greater number of women are seeking higher education, salaries are often less than those of men. CBS News claimed in 2005 that in the United States women who are ages 30 to 44 and hold a university degree make 62 percent of what similarly qualified men do, a lower rate than in all but three of the 19 countries for which numbers are available.

Some Western nations with greater inequity in pay are Germany, New Zealand and Switzerland. Violence against women. A young woman from one of the 's 'comfort battalions' is interviewed by an officer. The defines 'violence against women' as: any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. And identifies three forms of such violence: that which occurs in the family, that which occurs within the general community, and that which is perpetrated or condoned by the State. It also states that ' violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women'.

Violence against women remains a widespread problem, fueled, especially outside the West, by patriarchal social values, lack of adequate laws, and lack of enforcement of existing laws. Social norms that exist in many parts of the world hinder progress towards protecting women from violence. Download Game Asphalt 8 Untuk Windows 7. For example, according to surveys by, the percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is as high as 90% in and, 87% in, 86% in and, 81% in, and 80% in the. A 2010 survey conducted by the found that as a punishment for was supported by 82% of respondents in and, 70% in, 56%, and 42% in.

Specific forms of violence that affect women include,,,,,,,, and. Governments can be complicit in violence against women, for instance through practices such as (as punishment for adultery). There have also been many forms of violence against women which have been prevalent historically, notably the, the sacrifice of (such as ) and.

The prosecution of women accused of has a long tradition, for example (between the 15th and 18th centuries) were common in Europe and in the European colonies in North America. Today, there remain regions of the world (such as parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, rural North India, and Papua New Guinea) where belief in witchcraft is held by many people, and women accused of being witches are subjected to serious violence. In addition, there are also countries which have criminal legislation against the practice of witchcraft. In, witchcraft remains a crime, and in 2011 the country beheaded a woman for 'witchcraft and sorcery'. It is also the case that certain forms of violence against women have been recognized as criminal offenses only during recent decades, and are not universally prohibited, in that many countries continue to allow them. This is especially the case with.

In the Western World, there has been a trend towards ensuring within and prosecuting, but in many parts of the world women still lose significant legal rights when entering a marriage. Sexual violence against women greatly increases during times of and, during, or; most often in the form of and. Contemporary examples of sexual violence during war include,,, and. In Colombia, the has also resulted in increased sexual violence against women. Laws and policies on violence against women vary by jurisdiction. In the, sexual harassment and human trafficking are subject to.

Clothing, fashion and dress codes. Further information:,,, and Women in different parts of the world dress in different ways, with their choices of clothing being influenced by local culture, religious tenets traditions, social norms, and fashion trends, amongst other factors. Different societies have different ideas about. However, in many jurisdictions, women's choices in regard to dress are not always free, with laws limiting what they may or may not wear. This is especially the case in regard to. While certain jurisdictions legally mandate such clothing (the wearing of the headscarf), other countries forbid or restrict the wearing of certain attire (such as /covering the face) in public places (one such country is - see ). These laws are highly controversial.

Fertility and family life. Mother and child, in The (TFR) - the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime — differs significantly between different regions of the world. In 2016, the highest estimated TFR was in (6.62 children born per woman) and the lowest in (0.82 children/woman). While most Sub-Saharan African countries have a high TFR, which creates problems due to lack of resources and contributes to, most Western countries currently experience a which may lead to and. In many parts of the world, there has been a change in family structure over the past few decades. For instance, in the West, there has been a trend of moving away from living arrangements that include the to those which only consist of the.

There has also been a trend to move from marital fertility to non-marital fertility. Children born outside marriage may be born to or to.

While births outside marriage are common and fully accepted in some parts of the world, in other places they are highly stigmatized, with unmarried mothers facing ostracism, including violence from family members, and in extreme cases even. In addition, remains illegal in many countries (such as Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Kuwait, Maldives, Morocco, Oman, Mauritania, United Arab Emirates, Sudan, and Yemen ).

The social role of the differs between cultures. In many parts of the world, women with dependent children are expected to stay at home and dedicate all their energy to child raising, while in other places mothers most often return to paid work (see and ). Main article: Female education includes areas of gender equality and access to education, and its connection to the alleviation of poverty. Also involved are the issues of single-sex education and religious education in that the division of education along gender lines as well as religious teachings on education have been traditionally dominant and are still highly relevant in contemporary discussions of educating females as a global consideration. While the feminist movement has certainly promoted the importance of the issues attached to female education the discussion is wide-ranging and by no means narrowly defined. It may include, for example, education.

[1] Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries. In some Western countries, women have surpassed men at many levels of education. For example, in the United States in 2005/2006, women earned 62% of associate degrees, 58% of bachelor's degrees, 60% of master's degrees, and 50% of doctorates. Main article: World literacy is lower for females than for males.

The CIA World Factbook presents an estimate from 2010 which shows that 80% of women are literate, compared to 88.6% of men (aged 15 and over). Literacy rates are lowest in South and West Asia, and in parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. OECD countries Education The educational in (OECD) countries has been reduced over the last 30 years.

Younger women today are far more likely to have completed a tertiary qualification: in 19 of the 30 OECD countries, more than twice as many women aged 25 to 34 have completed tertiary education than have women aged 55 to 64. In 21 of 27 OECD countries with comparable data, the number of women graduating from university-level programmes is equal to or exceeds that of men. 15-year-old girls tend to show much higher expectations for their careers than boys of the same age. While women account for more than half of university graduates in several OECD countries, they receive only 30% of tertiary degrees granted in science and engineering fields, and women account for only 25% to 35% of researchers in most OECD countries. There is a common misconception that women have still not advanced in achieving academic degrees. According to Margaret Rossiter, a of science, women now earn 54 percent of all bachelor's degrees in the United States. However, although there are more women holding bachelor's degrees than men, as the level of education increases, the more men tend to fit the statistics [ ] instead of women.

At the, women fill 40 percent of the degrees (31 percent of them being in engineering). While to this day women are studying at prestigious universities at the same rate as men, [ ] they are not being given the same chance to join faculty. Sociologist Harriet Zuckerman has observed that the more prestigious an institute is, the more difficult and time-consuming it will be for women to obtain a faculty position there.

In 1989, Harvard University tenured its first woman in chemistry, Cynthia Friend, and in 1992 its first woman in physics, Melissa Franklin. She also observed that women were more likely to hold their first positions as instructors and lecturers while men are more likely to work first in tenure positions. According to Smith and Tang, as of 1989, 65 percent of men and only 40 percent of women held tenured positions and only 29 percent of all scientists and engineers employed as assistant professors in four-year colleges and universities were women. Jobs In 1992, women earned 9 percent of the PhDs awarded in, but only one percent of those women became professors.

[ ] In 1995, 11 percent of professors in science and engineering were women. In relation, only 311 deans of engineering schools were women, which is less than 1 percent of the total. Even in, a degree in which women earn the majority of PhDs, they hold a significant amount of fewer tenured positions, roughly 19 percent in 1994.

Women in politics. Has earned the top spot on the FORBES list of Most Powerful Women In The World for eight of the past 10 years Women are underrepresented in government in most countries. In October 2013, the global average of women in national assemblies was 22%.

Is the civil right to. Was achieved gradually, first at state and local levels, starting in the late 19th century and early 20th century, and in 1920 women in the US received universal suffrage, with the passage of the.

Some Western countries were slow to allow women to vote; notably, where women gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971, and in the canton of women were granted the right to vote on local issues only in 1991, when the canton was forced to do so by the; and, in 1984, through. Science, literature and art.

German composer in 1878 Women have, throughout history, made contributions to science, and. One area where women have been permitted most access historically was that of and (prior to the 18th century, caring for pregnant women in Europe was undertaken by women; from the mid 18th century onwards medical monitoring of pregnant women started to require rigorous formal education, to which women did not generally have access, therefore the practice was largely transferred to men). Writing was generally also considered acceptable for upper class women, although achieving success as a female writer in a male dominated world could be very difficult; as a result several women writers adopted a male pen name (e.g., ). [ ] Women have been,,,,,,, / and other musical professions. There are music movements, events and genres related to women, and. In the 2010s, while women comprise a significant proportion of and singers, and a significant proportion of songwriters (many of them being singer-songwriters), there are few women, and rock instrumentalists.

Although there have been a huge number of in classical music, from the Medieval period to the present day, women composers are significantly underrepresented in the, music history textbooks and music encyclopedias; for example, in the Concise Oxford History of Music, is one of the only female composers who is mentioned. Women comprise a significant proportion of instrumental soloists in classical music and the percentage of women in orchestras is increasing.

A 2015 article on concerto soloists in major Canadian orchestras, however, indicated that 84% of the soloists with the were men. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the top-ranked orchestra. Women are less common as instrumental players in popular music genres such as rock and, although there have been a number of notable female instrumentalists and. Women are particularly underrepresented in genres. Women are also underrepresented in orchestral conducting, music criticism/music journalism,, and.

While women were discouraged from composing in the 19th century, and there are few women, women became involved in '. To such a degree that women dominated [this field] during the later half of the 19th century and well into the 20th century.' According to Jessica Duchen, a music writer for London's, women musicians in classical music are '. Too often judged for their appearances, rather than their talent' and they face pressure '.

To look sexy onstage and in photos.' Duchen states that while '[t]here are women musicians who refuse to play on their looks. The ones who do tend to be more materially successful.' According to the UK's Radio 3 editor, Edwina Wolstencroft, the classical music industry has long been open to having women in performance or entertainment roles, but women are much less likely to have positions of authority, such as being the. In popular music, while there are many women singers recording songs, there are very few women behind the acting as, the individuals who direct and manage the recording process.