Download Norton Ghost 15 Full Crackle. 33000+ free ebooks online. Did you know that you can help us produce ebooks by proof-reading just one page a day? The Compleat Distiller by Mike Nixon & Mike McCaw There is a growing interest in distillation by those who enjoy making alcoholi. If you live where this enjoyable activity is prohibited, you are free to read about it, but not to actually do it. If you feel that these laws are misguided, contact your representatives and make the.

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For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever. When I started this, people called me crazy. Collect web pages? Who’d want to read a book on a screen? For 21 years, we’ve backed up the Web, so if government data or entire newspapers disappear, we can say: We Got This. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads.

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If everyone chips in $5, we can keep this going for free. Right now, a generous supporter will match your donation 3-to-1. So your $5 donation becomes $20! For the cost of a used paperback, we can share a book online forever.

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A large selection of vodkas at a hypermarket near, Russia. The first written usage of the word vodka in an official Russian document in its modern meaning is dated by the decree of of 8 June 1751, which regulated the ownership of vodka distilleries.

By the 1860s, due to the government policy of promoting consumption of state-manufactured vodka, it became the drink of choice for many Russians. In 1863, the government monopoly on vodka production was repealed, causing prices to plummet and making vodka available even to low-income citizens. The taxes on vodka became a key element of government finances in Tsarist Russia, providing at times up to 40% of state revenue. By 1911, vodka comprised 89% of all alcohol consumed in Russia. This level has fluctuated somewhat during the 20th century, but remained quite high at all times. The most recent estimates put it at 70% (2001). Today, some popular Russian vodka producers or brands are (amongst others) and.

During the late 1970s, Russian culinary author compiled a history of the production of vodka in Russia, as part of the case in a trade dispute; this was later published as. Pokhlebkin claimed that while there is a wealth of publications about the history of consumption and distribution of vodka, virtually nothing had been written about vodka production. One of his assertions was that the word 'vodka' was used in popular speech in Russia considerably earlier than the middle of the 18th century, but the word did not appear in print until the 1860s. Pokhlebkin's sources were challenged by David Christian in the Slavic Review in 1994.

Christian criticised the lack of valid references in Pokhlebkin's works stating that his work has an obvious pro-Russian bias. Kingston Story Vybz Kartel Rapidshare Library. Pokhlebkin is also known for his Pan-Slavic sympathies under the leadership of Russia, and sentiments which in David Christian's opinion discredits majority of his work, especially his History of Vodka. Vodka bottling machine, Shatskaya Vodka () Vodka may be distilled from any - or -rich plant matter; most vodka today is produced from such as,,. Among grain vodkas, rye and wheat vodkas are generally considered superior. Some vodkas are made from,,,,, and sometimes even byproducts of oil refining or wood pulp processing.

In some Central European countries, such as Poland, some vodka is produced by just fermenting a solution of crystal sugar and yeast. In the there are talks about the standardization of vodka, and the countries insist that only spirits produced from grains, potato and sugar beet molasses be allowed to be branded as 'vodka', following the traditional methods of production.

In the United States, many vodkas are made from 95% pure produced in large quantities by agricultural-industrial giants and Midwest Grain Processors. Bottlers purchase the base spirits in bulk, then filter, dilute, distribute and market the end product under a variety of vodka brand names. Similar methods are used in other regions such as Europe. This pure grain alcohol, also known as rectified spirit, neutral spirit, or ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin is also available directly to consumers in some areas, as products such as, Polmos spirytus rektyfikowany, and others. In contrast to very-high ABV vodkas such as the Bulgarian Balkan 176° with 88% ABV, these grain alcohol products are not considered vodka; they have not (yet) gone through the filtration and refining process used to produce vodka.

Distilling and filtering [ ]. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. (August 2017) () A common property of the vodkas produced in the United States and Europe is the extensive use of filtration prior to any additional processing including the addition of. Filtering is sometimes done in the during, as well as afterwards, where the distilled vodka is filtered through and other media to absorb trace amounts of substances that alter or impart off-flavors to the vodka.

However, this is not the case in the traditional vodka-producing nations, so many distillers from these countries prefer to use very accurate distillation but minimal filtering, thus preserving the unique flavors and characteristics of their products. The master distiller is in charge of distilling the vodka and directing its filtration, which includes the removal of the 'fore-shots', 'heads' and 'tails'. These components of the distillate contain flavor compounds such as and (heads) as well as the (tails) that impact the usually desired clean taste of vodka.

Through numerous rounds of distillation, or the use of a fractioning still, the taste is modified and clarity is increased. In contrast, distillery process for liquors such as,, and allow portions of the 'heads' and 'tails' to remain, giving them their unique flavors. Repeated distillation of vodka will make its ethanol level much higher than is acceptable to most end users, whether legislation determines strength limits or not. Depending on the distillation method and the technique of the stillmaster, the final filtered and distilled vodka may have as much as 95–96% ethanol.

As such, most vodka is diluted with water prior to bottling. Flavoring [ ]. See also: In some countries, or ' vodka is widespread because it can be produced easily and avoid taxation. However, severe poisoning,, or death can occur as a result of dangerous industrial ethanol substitutes being added by black-market producers. In March 2007 in a documentary, UK sought to find the cause of severe among imbibers of a 'bathtub' vodka in Russia.

The cause was suspected to be an industrial disinfectant () – 95% ethanol but also containing a highly toxic chemical – added to the vodka by the illegal traders because of its high alcohol content and low price. Death toll estimates list at least 120 dead and more than 1,000 poisoned.

The death toll is expected to rise due to the chronic nature of the that is causing the jaundice. However, there are also much higher estimates of the annual death toll (dozens or even hundreds of thousand of lives) produced by the vodka consumption in Russia. See also [ ].